A Multi-Center, Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Antiviral Activity and Safety of DA-2802 (Tenofovir Disoproxil Orotate) and Viread (Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate) in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients

Background@#Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF, Viread® ) had been used as a standard treatment option of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DA-2802 (tenofovir disoproxil orotate) compared to TDF. @*Methods@#The present study was a double blind randomized controlled trial. Patients with CHB were recruited from 25 hospitals in Korea and given DA-2802 at a dose of 319 mg once daily or Viread® at a dose of 300 mg once daily for 48 weeks from March 2017 to January 2019. Change in hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA level at week 48 after dosing compared to baseline was the primary efficacy endpoint. Secondary efficacy endpoints were proportions of subjects with undetectable HBV DNA, those with normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, and those with loss of hepatitis B envelop antigen (HBeAg), those with loss of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Adverse events (AEs) were also investigated. @*Results@#A total of 122 patients (DA-2802 group: n = 61, Viread® group: n = 61) were used as full analysis set for efficacy analysis. Mean age, proportion of males, laboratory results and virologic characteristics were not different between the two groups. The change in HBV DNA level at week 48 from baseline was −5.13 ± 1.40 in the DA-2802 group and −4.97 ± 1.40 log 10 copies/mL in the Viread® group. The analysis of primary endpoint using the nonparametric analysis of covariance showed statistically significant results (P < 0.001), which confirmed non-inferiority of DA-2802 to Viread® by a prespecified noninferiority margin of 1. The proportion of undetectable HBV DNA was 78.7% in the DA-2802 group and 75.4% in the Viread® group (P = 0.698). The proportion of subjects who had normal ALT levels was 75.4% in the DA-2802 group and 73.3% in the Viread® group (P = 0.795). The proportion of those with HBeAg loss was 8.1% in the DA-2802 group and 10.8% in the Viread® group (P = 1.000). No subject showed HBsAg loss. The frequency of AEs during treatment was similar between the two groups. Most AEs were mild to moderate in severity. @*Conclusion@#DA-2802 is considered an effective and safe treatment for patients with CHB.

Development and surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with sustained virologic response after antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major risk factor for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and is a leading cause of liver-related deaths worldwide. Recently available direct-acting antiviral agent is very safe and highly effective (>95% sustained virologic response, SVR) against all genotypes of HCV. Achievement of SVR has been associated with a significant reduction of hepatic decompensation, development of HCC, and liver-related mortality. However, HCC risk is not eliminated even after SVR. The annual incidences of HCC in advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis have been estimated to be up to 2.5–4.5% even in patients with SVR. Therefore, surveillance for HCC is recommended in this high-risk patients. In this review, we will describe the clinical outcomes and the risk of HCC in patients with SVR and suggest who should receive surveillance for HCC.

In Vivo Endoscopic Removal of Ancylostoma duodenale in a Patient with Abdominal Pain

A 20-year-old Cambodian male living in Korea for 2 years as a foreign worker visited our gastroenterology outpatient clinic. He had a small farm in Cambodia. He complained of postprandial upper abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting for 2 years. Gastroduodenoscopy showed hyperemic mucosa near the major papilla in the duodenum and two small and slender reddish worms. These were removed with endoscopic biopsy forceps. Under microscopy, these were identified as Ancylostoma duodenale by the characteristic morphology of 2 pairs of cutting teeth in the buccal cavity and 3 lobes in the copulatory bursa. After removal of two worms, his symptom improved. Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) present a global health problem. In the Republic of Korea, STH, including hookworms, were highly prevalent until the 1970s. With mass fecal examination followed by selective mass chemotherapy with anthelmintics from 1969 to 1995, the prevalence of STH has rapidly decreased since the 1980s. Since 2004, no hookworms have been found in nationwide surveys on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection. Therefore, we report a case of in vivo endoscopic removal of A. duodenale in a patient with abdominal pain.

Chronic Hepatitis B Infection Is Significantly Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease: a Population-based, Matched Case-control Study

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection leads to hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations including chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the association between HBV and CKD is not clear. This study investigated the association between chronic HBV infection and CKD in a nationwide multicenter study. METHODS: A total of 265,086 subjects who underwent health-check examinations in 33 hospitals from January 2015 to December 2015 were enrolled. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positive cases (n = 10,048), and age- and gender-matched HBsAg negative controls (n = 40,192) were identified. CKD was defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² or proteinuria as at least grade 2+ of urine protein. RESULTS: HBsAg positive cases showed a significantly higher prevalence of GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (3.3%), and proteinuria (18.9%) than that of the controls (2.6%, P < 0.001, and 14.1%, P < 0.001, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, HBsAg positivity was an independent factor associated with GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² along with age, blood levels of albumin, bilirubin, anemia, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Likewise, HBsAg positivity was an independent factor for proteinuria along with age, male, blood levels of bilirubin, protein, albumin, and HbA1c. A subgroup analysis showed that HBsAg positive men but not women had a significantly increased risk for GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m². CONCLUSION: Chronic HBV infection was significantly associated with a GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² and proteinuria (≥ 2+). Therefore, clinical concern about CKD in chronic HBV infected patients, especially in male, is warranted.

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Perirectal Abscess Drainage without Drainage Catheter: A Case Series

A perirectal abscess is a relatively common disease entity that occurs as a postsurgical complication or as a result of various medical conditions. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided drainage was recently described as a promising alternative treatment. Previous reports have recommended placement of a drainage catheter through the anus for irrigation, which is inconvenient to the patient and carries a risk of accidental dislodgement. We report four cases of perirectal abscess that were successfully treated with only one or two 7 F double pigtail plastic stent placements and without a drainage catheter for irrigation.

Comparison of Three, Motion-Resistant MR Sequences on Hepatobiliary Phase for Gadoxetic Acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-Enhanced MR Imaging of the Liver

PURPOSE: To compare three, motion-resistant, T1-weighted MR sequences on the hepatobiliary phase for gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging of the liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, 79 patients underwent gadoxetic acid-enhanced, 3T liver MR imaging. Fifty-nine were examined using a standard protocol, and 20 were examined using a motion-resistant protocol. During the hepatocyte-specific phase, three MR sequences were acquired: 1) gradient recalled echo (GRE) with controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration (CAIPIRINHA); 2) radial GRE with the interleaved angle-bisection scheme (ILAB); and 3) radial GRE with golden-angle scheme (GA). Two readers independently assessed images with motion artifacts, streaking artifacts, liver-edge sharpness, hepatic vessel clarity, lesion conspicuity, and overall image quality, using a 5-point scale. The images were assessed by measurement of liver signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and tumor-to-liver contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). The results were compared, using repeated post-hoc, paired t-tests with Bonferroni correction and the Wilcoxon signed rank test with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: In the qualitative analysis of cooperative patients, the results for CAIPIRINHA had significantly higher ratings for streak artifacts, liver-edge sharpness, hepatic vessel clarity, and overall image quality as compared to, radial GRE, (P < 0.016). In the imaging of uncooperative patients, higher scores were recorded for ILAB and GA with respect to all of the qualitative assessments, except for streak artifact, compared with CAIPIRINHA (P < 0.016). However, no significant differences were found between ILAB and GA. For quantitative analysis in uncooperative patients, the mean liver SNR and lesion-to-liver CNR with radial GRE were significantly higher than those of CAIPIRINHA (P < 0.016). CONCLUSION: In uncooperative patients, the use of the radial GRE sequence can improve the image quality compared to GRE imaging with CAIPIRINHA, despite the data acquisition methods used. The GRE imaging with CAIPIRINHA is applicable for patients without breath-holding difficulties.

Comparison of Three, Motion-Resistant MR Sequences on Hepatobiliary Phase for Gadoxetic Acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-Enhanced MR Imaging of the Liver

PURPOSE: To compare three, motion-resistant, T1-weighted MR sequences on the hepatobiliary phase for gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging of the liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, 79 patients underwent gadoxetic acid-enhanced, 3T liver MR imaging. Fifty-nine were examined using a standard protocol, and 20 were examined using a motion-resistant protocol. During the hepatocyte-specific phase, three MR sequences were acquired: 1) gradient recalled echo (GRE) with controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration (CAIPIRINHA); 2) radial GRE with the interleaved angle-bisection scheme (ILAB); and 3) radial GRE with golden-angle scheme (GA). Two readers independently assessed images with motion artifacts, streaking artifacts, liver-edge sharpness, hepatic vessel clarity, lesion conspicuity, and overall image quality, using a 5-point scale. The images were assessed by measurement of liver signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and tumor-to-liver contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). The results were compared, using repeated post-hoc, paired t-tests with Bonferroni correction and the Wilcoxon signed rank test with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: In the qualitative analysis of cooperative patients, the results for CAIPIRINHA had significantly higher ratings for streak artifacts, liver-edge sharpness, hepatic vessel clarity, and overall image quality as compared to, radial GRE, (P < 0.016). In the imaging of uncooperative patients, higher scores were recorded for ILAB and GA with respect to all of the qualitative assessments, except for streak artifact, compared with CAIPIRINHA (P < 0.016). However, no significant differences were found between ILAB and GA. For quantitative analysis in uncooperative patients, the mean liver SNR and lesion-to-liver CNR with radial GRE were significantly higher than those of CAIPIRINHA (P < 0.016). CONCLUSION: In uncooperative patients, the use of the radial GRE sequence can improve the image quality compared to GRE imaging with CAIPIRINHA, despite the data acquisition methods used. The GRE imaging with CAIPIRINHA is applicable for patients without breath-holding difficulties.

Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus and Its Prevention in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases Receiving Immunosuppressive Therapy

Introduction of biologic agents to treat patients with rheumatic diseases and cancer has improved clinical outcomes. However, this advance increases the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in hepatitis B surface antigen carrier and even in resolved HBV infection, which can lead to liver failure and even death. In particular, the risk of HBV reactivation is heightened by the use of B-cell depleting agents such as rituximab, high dose corticosteroid, and anti-tumor necrosis factor-α. Therefore, identification of individuals at risk, and understanding the mechanism of HBV reactivation are essential to preventing HBV reactivation before initiating immunosuppressive therapy. Here, we review the mechanism, incidence, and prevention of HBV reactivation in the setting of immunosuppression.

Occipital Lobe Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Presenting as Homonymous Hemianopia

PURPOSE: To report brain metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as homonymous hemianopia. CASE SUMMARY: A 51-year-old female with a history of hepatectomy and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 19 months earlier was referred to our neuro-ophthalmology clinic for evaluation due to headache and decreased visual acuity over the past several months. Best visual acuity was 20/20, and the results of all other aspects of our examination were normal except Humphrey automatic perimetry, which showed complete left homonymous hemianopia. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a large mass in the right occipital lobe. Craniotomy and removal of tumor were performed. HCC was confirmed by histopathologic examination. CONCLUSIONS: Metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma to the occipital lobe is extremely rare but can present as homonymous hemianopia. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of this when examining a patient with a history of HCC.

Switch to tenofovir-based therapy or to continue adefovir-based therapy in CHB patients with suboptimal response to adefovir-based combination?

No abstract available.

Regression of esophageal varices during entecavir treatment in patients with hepatitis-B-virus-related liver cirrhosis

Recent studies suggest that liver cirrhosis is reversible after administering oral nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy to patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, few studies have addressed whether esophageal varices can regress after such therapy. We report a case of complete regression of esophageal varices during entecavir therapy in patients with HBV-related liver cirrhosis, suggesting that complications of liver cirrhosis such as esophageal varices can regress after the long-term suppression of HBV replication.

Regression of esophageal varices and splenomegaly in two patients with hepatitis-C-related liver cirrhosis after interferon and ribavirin combination therapy

Some recent studies have found regression of liver cirrhosis after antiviral therapy in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver cirrhosis, but there have been no reports of complete regression of esophageal varices after interferon/peg-interferon and ribavirin combination therapy. We describe two cases of complete regression of esophageal varices and splenomegaly after interferon-alpha and ribavirin combination therapy in patients with HCV-related liver cirrhosis. Esophageal varices and splenomegaly regressed after 3 and 8 years of sustained virologic responses in cases 1 and 2, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that complications of liver cirrhosis, such as esophageal varices and splenomegaly, can regress after antiviral therapy in patients with HCV-related liver cirrhosis.

Two Cases of Hepatic Sinusoidal Dilatation Mimicking Hepatic Metastases / 대한소화기학회지

Hepatic sinusoidal dilatation is a rare benign vascular disorder characterized by focal dilatation of the sinusoidal spaces. In most cases, the underlying etiology is unclear but it may be related to the impairment of venous outflow or sinusoidal infiltration by diverse causes. Diagnosing hepatic sinusoidal dilatation based soley on imaging study is not easy since there are no pathognomonic radiologic findings indicative of this condition. Recently, the authors experience two cases of hepatic sinusoidal infiltration. The first patient was a 53-year-old man detected to have multiple hepatic nodules on ultrasonography (US) during a routine medical check-up. The second patient was an 82-year-old woman with abdominal discomfort who was referred from local clinic with high suspicion of hepatic metastases on US. In both cases, CT scan demonstrated multiple nodules with rim enhancement on arterial phase that became iso-dense to adjacent liver parenchyma on delayed phase. On MRI, these nodules showed rim enhancement on arterial phase, had high signal intensity on T2 weighted images, and became iso-intense with partial defect on hepatobiliary phase. Because imaging studies could not exclude the presence of hepatic metastases, liver biopsy was performed and it demonstrated hepatic sinusoidal dilatation with well preserved reticulin fiber without any evidence of malignancy. Herein, we report two cases of idiopathic hepatic sinusoidal dilatation mimicking hepatic metastases.

Is it necessary to delay antiviral therapy for 3-6 months to anticipate HBeAg seroconversion in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B in endemic areas of HBV genotype C?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion occurs frequently in the immune reactive phase in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Therefore, observation for 3-6 months before commencing antiviral therapy is recommended in patients with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels that exceed twice the upper limit of normal (ULN). However, HBeAg seroconversion occurs infrequently in patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype C. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the waiting policy is necessary in endemic areas of HBV genotype C infection. METHODS: Ninety patients with HBeAg-positive CHB were followed prospectively without administering antiviral therapy for 6 months. Antiviral therapy was initiated promptly at any time if there was any evidence of biochemical (i.e., acute exacerbation of HBV infection or aggravation of jaundice) or symptomatic deterioration. After 6 months of observation, antiviral therapy was initiated according to the patient's ALT and HBV DNA levels. RESULTS: Only one patient (1.1%) achieved spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion. Biochemical and symptomatic deterioration occurred before 6 months in 17 patients (18.9%) and 5 patients, respectively. High ALT and HBV DNA levels were both independent risk factors for biochemical deterioration. Of 15 patients with HBV DNA > or =5.1x107 IU/mL and ALT > or =5xULN, biochemical deterioration occurred in 7 (46.7%), including 1 patient receiving liver transplantation due to liver failure. CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in patients with HBeAg-positive CHB is rare within 6 months. Biochemical deterioration was common and may lead to liver failure. Immediate antiviral therapy should be considered, especially in patients with high ALT and HBV DNA levels in endemic areas of genotype C infection.

Predictors of spontaneous viral clearance and outcomes of acute hepatitis C infection

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study evaluated the predictors of spontaneous viral clearance (SVC), as defined by two consecutive undetectable hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA tests performed > or =12 weeks apart, and the outcomes of acute hepatitis C (AHC) demonstrating SVC or treatment-induced viral clearance. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with AHC were followed for 12-16 weeks without administering antiviral therapy. RESULTS: HCV RNA was undetectable at least once in 14 of the 32 patients. SVC occurred in 12 patients (37.5%), among whom relapse occurred in 4. SVC was exhibited in 8 of the 11 patients exhibiting undetectable HCV RNA within 12 weeks. HCV RNA reappeared in three patients (including two patients with SVC) exhibiting undetectable HCV RNA after 12 weeks. SVC was more frequent in patients with low viremia than in those with high viremia (55.6% vs. 14.3%; P=0.02), and in patients with HCV genotype non-1b than in those with HCV genotype 1b (57.1% vs. 22.2%; P=0.04). SVC was more common in patients with a > or =2 log reduction of HCV RNA at 4 weeks than in those with a smaller reduction (90% vs. 9.1%, P or =2 log reduction of HCV RNA at 4 weeks was a follow-up predictor for SVC. Undetectable HCV RNA occurring after 12 weeks was not sustained. All patients receiving antiviral therapy achieved a sustained viral response. Antiviral therapy should be initiated in patients with detectable HCV RNA at 12 weeks after the diagnosis.

Comparison of the Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Small Bowel and Gastric Anisakiasis in Jeju Island

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Anisakiasis is frequent in Jeju Island because of the people's habit of ingesting raw fish. This study evaluated the clinical characteristics of patients with small bowel anisakiasis and compared them with those of patients with gastric anisakiasis. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 109 patients diagnosed with anisakiasis between May 2003 and November 2011. RESULTS: Of the 109 patients diagnosed with anisakiasis, those with suspicious anisakiasis (n=38) or possible anisakiasis (n=12) were excluded. The age and gender distributions did not differ between patients with small bowel anisakiasis (n=30; age, 45+/-13 years) and those with gastric anisakiasis (n=29; age, 46+/-10 years). The mean duration of hospitalization was 5.4+/-4.3 days for patients with small bowel anisakiasis and 0.5+/-1.7 days for patients with gastric anisakiasis. Small bowel anisakiasis was accompanied by leukocytosis (76.7% vs 25.5%, p=0.003) and elevated C-reactive protein levels (3.4+/-3.2 mg/dL vs 0.5+/-0.3 mg/dL, p=0.009). Contrast-enhanced abdominopelvic computed tomography showed small bowel wall thickening with dilatation in 93.3% (28/30) of patients and a small amount of ascites in 80.0% (24/30) of patients with small bowel anisakiasis. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with gastric anisakiasis patients, small bowel anisakiasis patients had a longer hospitalization time, higher inflammatory marker levels, and small bowel wall thickening with ascites.

A Case of Acute Pancreatitis and Acute Hepatitis Caused by Ingestion of Ceramium kondoi / 대한소화기학회지

In Korea, the use of herbal remedies is a common cause of drug-induced liver injury. However, the occurrence of both acute pancreatitis and acute hepatitis after taking herbal remedies has rarely been reported. Herein, we report a case of concurrent acute pancreatitis and acute hepatitis associated with Ceramium kondoi ingestion. A 58-year-old woman was diagnosed with advanced gastric cancer 7 months ago. Total gastrectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy was performed without complications. The patient had been well until recently, when she presented with severe abdominal pain after ingestion of Ceramium kondoi for 4 weeks. The laboratory findings demonstrated elevated liver enzymes and lipase, and abdominal computed tomography revealed pancreas swelling with fat infiltration. The diagnosis was made based on the diagnostic criteria for drug induced pancreatitis and the Russel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method scale for drug-induced liver injury. After cessation of Ceramium kondoi, she showed clinical and biochemical improvement.

Usefulness of Positron Emission Tomography-Computerized Tomography Uptake according to Early Gastric Cancer Gross Morphology

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET-CT for early gastric cancer (EGC) was undetermined due to its low sensitivity. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of 18F-FDG PET-CT according to endoscopic classification of EGC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 206 patients who had undergone PET-CT due to gastric cancer from June 2009 to June 2012. Among those patients, 120 including 65 patients who underwent gastrectomy were analyzed. RESULTS: According to endoscopic gross morphology, 50 (41.7%) patients were classified as EGC and 70 (58.3%) patients were classified as advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Compared with the EGC group, the AGC group showed significantly higher rate of positive 18F-FDG uptake of primary lesions (98.6% vs. 28.0%, P<0.001) and lymph nodes (50.0% vs. 6.0%, P<0.001), and higher standardized uptake value max of primary lesions (7.65+/-3.51 vs. 4.82+/-2.18, P=0.012). Among 65 patients who underwent gastrectomy, PET-CT positive lesions were found in patients with tumor size greater than 3 cm (86.4% vs. 9.5%, P<0.001), lesions detected by stomach CT (90.9% vs. 9.5%, P<0.001) and PET-CT lymph node positive lesions (4.8% vs. 31.8%, P=0.025). Among 31 patients with EGC, elevated types (type I and IIa) showed no difference of positive 18F-FDG uptake compared with flat or depressed types (IIb, IIc, and III) (55.6% vs. 31.8%, P=0.253). CONCLUSIONS: 18F-FDG PET-CT has positive detection rate for EGC greater than 3 cm and there was no differences of 18F-FDG PET-CT uptake rates between elevated types and flat or depressed types of EGC.

Clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori Associated with 23S rRNA Point Mutations in Jeju Island / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The point mutations in 23S rRNA gene accounts for the majority of the clarithromycin resistance of Helicobacter pylori. This study aimed to investigate the association between the clarithromycin-resistance of H. pylori and the failure of primary H. pylori eradication therapy in Jeju Island. METHODS: Between April 2011 and October 2012, 6,937 patients underwent endoscopy, and H. pylori infection was evaluated in 2,287 patients (33.0%). Total of 110 patients with H. pylori infection were treated with proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-based triple therapy. The result of eradication was evaluated with urea breath test, histology and PCR which were conducted 4 weeks from the last dose of medicine. RESULTS: The patients who had point mutations were 33 (26.0%). A2142G and A2143G mutations were observed in 10 patients (7.9%) and 23 patients (18.1%). Among 110 patients treated with PPI-based triple therapy, the success rate of the eradication therapy was 52.7% (58/110) and 70.7% (58/82) by intention-to-treat and per-protocol analysis, respectively. Fifteen of the 24 patients who failed the eradication therapy showed point mutations; 1 patient (4.2%) showed A2142G mutation and 14 patients (58.3%) showed A2143G mutation. Patients with A2143G mutation H. pylori showed higher failure rate of 87.5%. Patients with A2142G mutation H. pylori showed similar failure rate compared to those of the patients with wild type H. pylori. CONCLUSIONS: In Jeju Island, the frequency of 23S rRNA point mutations is similar (26.0%) with other regions of Korea (15.8-31.3%). A2143G mutation is associated with the failure of H. pylori eradication.

Predictable Factors of Early Colorectal Cancer after Colonoscopic Polypectomy

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in Korea. Colonoscopic screening with removal of adenomas is an effective strategy for reducing the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer. This study was conducted to investigate predictable factors of early colorectal cancer (ECC) in patients with advanced adenoma (AA), tumor in situ (Tis), and submucosal (SM) cancer diagnosed after colonoscopic polypectomy. METHODS: Between August 2003 and June 2012, a total of 1,001 patients who underwent colonoscopic polypectomy in Jeju National University Hospital were enrolled in this study. RESULTS: Patients were classified into four groups; non-AA, AA, Tis, and SM cancer. Compared to the AA group, the ECC group (n=50) had large adenoma size (12.2+/-5.9 mm vs. 15.3+/-6.5 mm, P15 mm (odds ratio [OR], 4.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.40-8.38), distal location (OR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.33-5.05), and diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.07-4.43) were significantly associated with ECC. Of the 12 patients with SM cancer, 5 underwent additional operations and had no remnant carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Predictable factors of ECC after colonoscopic polypectomy may be adenoma size >15 mm, distal location and diabetes mellitus.